Universality of photoelectron circular dichroism in the photoionization of chiral molecules

Universality of photoelectron circular dichroism in the photoionization of chiral molecules - Photoionization of chiral molecules by circularly polarized radiation gives rise to a strong forward/backward asymmetry in the photoelectron angular distribution, referred to as photoelectron circular dichroism (PECD). Here we show that PECD is a universal effect that reveals the inherent chirality of the target in all ionization regimes: single photon, multiphoton, above-threshold and tunnel ionization