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Marine Defaunation: Animal Loss in the Global Ocean. Marine defaunation, or human-caused animal loss in the oceans, emerged forcefully only hundreds of years ago, whereas terrestrial defaunation has been occurring far longer. Though humans have caused few global marine extinctions, we have profoundly impacted marine wildlife, altering the functioning and provisioning of services in every ocean. Douglas McCauley, University of California, Santa Barbara; Christopher Hanson